A case-control study of Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) in pediatric population: A proposal for indications.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether and when Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) changes diagnosis and treatment plan in pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) with the aim to identify specific subgroups of patients for whom DISE should be especially considered. METHODS: A case-control study of DISE in 150 children with OSAS. Pre-operative OSA were assessed through detailed history, Chervin questionnaire, physical examination and overnight polysomnography. The group of study was divided into three subgroups according to clinical and polysomnographyc criteria: conventional OSAS, disproportional OSAS and persistent OSAS. Endoscopic evaluation of the upper airway during DISE was scored using Chan classification. Surgical treatment was tailored individually upon the basis of sleep endoscopy findings: performance of any surgery other than tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) was considered as a change of the treatment plan. Cases and controls were compared considering presence and absence of DISE-directed extra surgery, respectively. RESULTS: 150 patients with mean age (SD) 56.09 (23.94) months and mean apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 5.79 (6.52) underwent DISE. The conventional subgroup represented the 58.67% of the sample (n = 88), while the disproportional one counted for the 26.67% (n = 40), and the persistent one for 14.66% (n = 22) of the population. Sleep endoscopy changed the surgical plan in 4.5% of conventional OSAS, 17.5% of disproportional OSAS and 72.7% of persistent OSAS (p < 0.005). Overall, a change of the treatment plan operated by DISE was associated with a non-conventional OSAS status (OR = 6; 95% CI = 1.6-26.4). CONCLUSIONS: DISE is a safe procedure in children suffering from OSAS, and, despite being unnecessary in conventional cases of OSA, DISE should be considered not only in syndromic children, as previously demonstrated, but also in the general non-syndromic pediatric population, in the case of non-conventional OSA patients, and in children with persistent OSAS.

Trombocitopenia asociada a rifampicina en régimen antituberculoso diario / Rifampicin induced thrombocytopenia in daily antituberculous regimen treatment

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 31 años con diagnóstico de tuberculosis pulmonar por radiografía de torax compatible y examen bacilo ácido alcohol resistente, positivo en esputo, quien 10 días después de iniciar tratamiento oral con isoniazida, etambutol, pirazinamida y rifampicina (RFP), desarrolla un síndrome hemorrágico asociado a trombocitopenia severa (2 000/mL) y paresia leve de hemicuerpo derecho. El paciente normalizó el número de plaquetas y su función motora cinco días después del retiro de los cuatro medicamentos antituberculosos. Al decidirse re-exponer al paciente en forma secuencial a las cuatro drogas, se observó que 12 horas después de haber ingerido RFP oral, desarrolla nuevamente trombocitopenia severa, lo que no ocurrió con las otras tres drogas. Las plaquetas alcanzaron niveles normales 36 horas después del retiro de la RFP. El reemplazo ulterior de RFP por estreptomicina permitió completar exitosamente el tratamiento antituberculoso. El presente caso demuestra un efecto adverso poco frecuente, producido por un fármaco antituberculoso de primera línea, el mismo que debe considerarse como muy grave y cuyo manejo debe incluir la inmediata e indefinida suspensión de la droga en el paciente afectado, a causa de la alta probabilidad de tener la misma respuesta a lo largo de su vida.

We present the case of a 31 year-old patient with the diagnosis of lung tuberculosis by lung X-ray and positive acid alcohol resistant bacillus in sputum, who after 10 days of oral treatment with isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and rifampicin (RFP), developed severe hemorrhagic manifestations associated with severe thrombocytopenia (2 000/mL) and slight right body hemiparesis. There was complete normalization of platelet count and motor function five days after suspension of the four drugs. We decided to re-expose the patient sequentially to the four drugs and after 12 hours of receiving RFP again developed severe thrombocytopenia (2 000/mL) not occurring with the other three drugs, and normalized completely after 36 hours of drug suspension. Later on, the addition of parenteral streptomycin successfully completed the treatment. The current case demonstrates a not very frequent adverse effect of a first line drug for the treatment of tuberculosis, which should be considered as a very serious complication and whose management should include the immediate and indefinite suspension of the drug in the affected patient, because of the high likelihood of having the same response every time he is challenged during his life.